CVE-2025-55210 Vulnerability Analysis & Exploit Details

CVE-2025-55210 Vulnerability Summary

CVE-2025-55210: FreePBX is an open-source web-based graphical user interface (GUI) that manages Asterisk. Prior to 17.0.5 and 16.0.17, FreePBX module api (PBX API) is vulnerable to privilege escalation by authenticated users with REST/GraphQL API access. This vulnerability allows an attacker to forge a valid JWT with full access to the REST and GraphQL APIs on a FreePBX that they've already connected to, possibly as a lower privileged user. The JWT is signed using the api-oauth.key private key. An attacker can generate their own token if they possess this key (e.g., by accessing an affected instance), and specify any scopes they wish (e.g., rest, gql), bypassing traditional authorization checks. However, FreePBX enforces that the jti (JWT ID) claim must exist in the database (api_access_tokens table in the asterisk MySQL database) in order for the token to be accepted. Therefore, the attacker must know a jti value that already exists on the target instance. This vulnerability is fixed in 17.0.5 and 16.0.17.

CVE-2025-55210 References

External References

• https://github.com/FreePBX/api/commit/bc6f7d72063cffb18babb6559fa351046d7ad19b
• https://github.com/FreePBX/api/commit/c16a3a79b83382fb4884e51174882ed635637002
• https://github.com/FreePBX/api/commit/d66786634e7e7d3eedcb4d0931b32c415ba6e9ef
• https://github.com/FreePBX/security-reporting/security/advisories/GHSA-gvgh-p7wj-76cf

CWE Common Weakness Enumeration

CAPEC Common Attack Pattern Enumeration and Classification

• Using Malicious Files CAPEC-17 An attack of this type exploits a system's configuration that allows an adversary to either directly access an executable file, for example through shell access; or in a possible worst case allows an adversary to upload a file and then execute it. Web servers, ftp servers, and message oriented middleware systems which have many integration points are particularly vulnerable, because both the programmers and the administrators must be in synch regarding the interfaces and the correct privileges for each interface.
• Hijacking a Privileged Thread of Execution CAPEC-30 An adversary hijacks a privileged thread of execution by injecting malicious code into a running process. By using a privleged thread to do their bidding, adversaries can evade process-based detection that would stop an attack that creates a new process. This can lead to an adversary gaining access to the process's memory and can also enable elevated privileges. The most common way to perform this attack is by suspending an existing thread and manipulating its memory.
• Leverage Executable Code in Non-Executable Files CAPEC-35 An attack of this type exploits a system's trust in configuration and resource files. When the executable loads the resource (such as an image file or configuration file) the attacker has modified the file to either execute malicious code directly or manipulate the target process (e.g. application server) to execute based on the malicious configuration parameters. Since systems are increasingly interrelated mashing up resources from local and remote sources the possibility of this attack occurring is high.

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