CVE-2025-4565 Vulnerability Analysis & Exploit Details

CVE-2025-4565
Vulnerability Scoring

5.3

/10

Significant Risk

Security assessments indicate that CVE-2025-4565 presents a notable risk, potentially requiring prompt mitigation.

Attack Complexity Details

Attack Complexity: Low
Exploits can be performed without significant complexity or special conditions.
Attack Vector: Network
Vulnerability is exploitable over a network without physical access.
Privileges Required: None
No privileges are required for exploitation.
Scope: Unchanged
Exploit remains within the originally vulnerable component.
User Interaction: None
No user interaction is necessary for exploitation.

CVE-2025-4565 Details

Status: Analyzed

Last updated: 🕔 14 Aug 2025, 17:05 UTC
Originally published on: 🕒 16 Jun 2025, 15:15 UTC

Time between publication and last update: 59 days

CVSS Release: version 3

CVSS3 Source

nvd@nist.gov

CVSS3 Type

Primary

CVSS3 Vector

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L

CVE-2025-4565 Vulnerability Summary

CVE-2025-4565: Any project that uses Protobuf Pure-Python backend to parse untrusted Protocol Buffers data containing an arbitrary number of recursive groups, recursive messages or a series of SGROUP tags can be corrupted by exceeding the Python recursion limit. This can result in a Denial of service by crashing the application with a RecursionError. We recommend upgrading to version =>6.31.1 or beyond commit 17838beda2943d08b8a9d4df5b68f5f04f26d901

Assessing the Risk of CVE-2025-4565

Access Complexity Graph

The exploitability of CVE-2025-4565 depends on two key factors: attack complexity (the level of effort required to execute an exploit) and privileges required (the access level an attacker needs).

Exploitability Analysis for CVE-2025-4565

With low attack complexity and no required privileges, CVE-2025-4565 is an easy target for cybercriminals. Organizations should prioritize immediate mitigation measures to prevent unauthorized access and data breaches.

Understanding AC and PR

A lower complexity and fewer privilege requirements make exploitation easier. Security teams should evaluate these aspects to determine the urgency of mitigation strategies, such as patch management and access control policies.

Attack Complexity (AC) measures the difficulty in executing an exploit. A high AC means that specific conditions must be met, making an attack more challenging, while a low AC means the vulnerability can be exploited with minimal effort.

Privileges Required (PR) determine the level of system access necessary for an attack. Vulnerabilities requiring no privileges are more accessible to attackers, whereas high privilege requirements limit exploitation to authorized users with elevated access.

CVSS Score Breakdown Chart

Above is the CVSS Sub-score Breakdown for CVE-2025-4565, illustrating how Base, Impact, and Exploitability factors combine to form the overall severity rating. A higher sub-score typically indicates a more severe or easier-to-exploit vulnerability.

CIA Impact Analysis

Below is the Impact Analysis for CVE-2025-4565, showing how Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability might be affected if the vulnerability is exploited. Higher values usually signal greater potential damage.

Confidentiality: None
CVE-2025-4565 has no significant impact on data confidentiality.
Integrity: None
CVE-2025-4565 poses no threat to data integrity.
Availability: Low
CVE-2025-4565 may slightly degrade system performance without fully affecting service availability.

CVE-2025-4565 References

External References

https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf/commit/17838beda2943d08b8a9d4df5b68f5f04f26d901

CWE Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-674

CAPEC Common Attack Pattern Enumeration and Classification

Serialized Data with Nested Payloads CAPEC-230 Applications often need to transform data in and out of a data format (e.g., XML and YAML) by using a parser. It may be possible for an adversary to inject data that may have an adverse effect on the parser when it is being processed. Many data format languages allow the definition of macro-like structures that can be used to simplify the creation of complex structures. By nesting these structures, causing the data to be repeatedly substituted, an adversary can cause the parser to consume more resources while processing, causing excessive memory consumption and CPU utilization.
Oversized Serialized Data Payloads CAPEC-231 An adversary injects oversized serialized data payloads into a parser during data processing to produce adverse effects upon the parser such as exhausting system resources and arbitrary code execution.

Vulnerable Configurations

cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:2.0.0:beta:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:2.0.0:beta:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:2.0.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:2.0.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:2.3.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:2.3.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:2.4.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:2.4.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:2.5.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:2.5.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:2.6.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:2.6.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:2.6.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:2.6.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.0.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.0.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.0.0:beta1:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.0.0:beta1:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.0.0:beta2:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.0.0:beta2:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.0.0:beta3:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.0.0:beta3:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.0.0:beta4:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.0.0:beta4:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.0.0:alpha2:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.0.0:alpha2:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.0.0:alpha3:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.0.0:alpha3:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.2.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.2.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.2.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.2.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.2.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.2.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.3.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.3.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.4.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.4.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.5.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.5.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.5.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.5.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.6.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.6.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.6.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.6.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.7.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.7.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.7.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.7.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.7.0:rc3:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.7.0:rc3:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.7.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.7.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.8.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.8.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.8.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.8.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.9.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.9.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.9.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.9.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.9.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.9.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.9.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.9.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.10.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.10.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.10.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.10.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.11.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.11.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.11.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.11.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.11.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.11.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.11.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.11.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.11.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.11.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.11.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.11.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.12.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.12.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.12.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.12.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.12.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.12.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.12.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.12.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.12.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.12.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.12.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.12.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.13.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.13.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.13.0:rc3:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.13.0:rc3:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.14.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.14.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.14.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.14.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.14.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.14.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.14.0:rc3:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.14.0:rc3:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.15.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.15.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.15.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.15.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.15.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.15.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.15.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.15.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.15.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.15.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.15.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.15.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.15.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.15.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.15.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.15.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.15.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.15.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.15.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.15.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.15.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.15.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.16.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.16.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.16.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.16.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.16.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.16.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.17.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.17.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.17.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.17.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.17.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.17.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.17.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.17.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.17.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.17.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.17.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.17.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.18.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.18.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.18.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.18.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.18.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.18.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.18.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.18.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.18.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.18.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.19.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.19.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.19.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.19.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.19.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.19.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.19.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.19.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.19.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.19.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.19.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.19.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.19.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.19.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.19.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.19.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.20.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.20.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.20.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.20.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.20.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.20.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.20.1:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.20.1:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.20.1:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.20.1:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.20.2:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:3.20.2:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:4.0.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:4.0.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:4.0.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:4.0.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:4.21.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:4.21.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:4.21.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:4.21.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:4.21.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:4.21.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:4.21.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:4.21.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:4.21.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:4.21.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:4.21.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:4.21.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:4.21.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:4.21.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:4.21.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:4.21.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:4.21.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:4.21.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

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