CVE-2025-31123 Vulnerability Analysis & Exploit Details

CVE-2025-31123
Vulnerability Scoring

8.7
/10
Severe Risk

Cybersecurity professionals consider CVE-2025-31123 an immediate threat requiring urgent mitigation.

Attack Complexity Details

  • Attack Complexity: Low
    Exploits can be performed without significant complexity or special conditions.
  • Attack Vector: Network
    Vulnerability is exploitable over a network without physical access.
  • Privileges Required: High
    High-level privileges are required for exploitation.
  • Scope: Changed
    Successful exploitation can impact components beyond the vulnerable component.
  • User Interaction: None
    No user interaction is necessary for exploitation.

CVE-2025-31123 Details

Status: Analyzed

Last updated: 🕔 26 Aug 2025, 17:13 UTC
Originally published on: 🕗 31 Mar 2025, 20:15 UTC

Time between publication and last update: 147 days

CVSS Release: version 3

CVSS3 Source

security-advisories@github.com

CVSS3 Type

Secondary

CVSS3 Vector

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N

CVE-2025-31123 Vulnerability Summary

CVE-2025-31123: Zitadel is open-source identity infrastructure software. A vulnerability existed where expired keys can be used to retrieve tokens. Specifically, ZITADEL fails to properly check the expiration date of the JWT key when used for Authorization Grants. This allows an attacker with an expired key to obtain valid access tokens. This vulnerability does not affect the use of JWT Profile for OAuth 2.0 Client Authentication on the Token and Introspection endpoints, which correctly reject expired keys. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.71.6, 2.70.8, 2.69.9, 2.68.9, 2.67.13, 2.66.16, 2.65.7, 2.64.6, and 2.63.9.

Assessing the Risk of CVE-2025-31123

Access Complexity Graph

The exploitability of CVE-2025-31123 depends on two key factors: attack complexity (the level of effort required to execute an exploit) and privileges required (the access level an attacker needs).

Exploitability Analysis for CVE-2025-31123

The exploitability of CVE-2025-31123 is influenced by multiple factors. Security teams should analyze system configurations and apply appropriate countermeasures to mitigate threats.

Understanding AC and PR

A lower complexity and fewer privilege requirements make exploitation easier. Security teams should evaluate these aspects to determine the urgency of mitigation strategies, such as patch management and access control policies.

Attack Complexity (AC) measures the difficulty in executing an exploit. A high AC means that specific conditions must be met, making an attack more challenging, while a low AC means the vulnerability can be exploited with minimal effort.

Privileges Required (PR) determine the level of system access necessary for an attack. Vulnerabilities requiring no privileges are more accessible to attackers, whereas high privilege requirements limit exploitation to authorized users with elevated access.

CVSS Score Breakdown Chart

Above is the CVSS Sub-score Breakdown for CVE-2025-31123, illustrating how Base, Impact, and Exploitability factors combine to form the overall severity rating. A higher sub-score typically indicates a more severe or easier-to-exploit vulnerability.

CIA Impact Analysis

Below is the Impact Analysis for CVE-2025-31123, showing how Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability might be affected if the vulnerability is exploited. Higher values usually signal greater potential damage.

  • Confidentiality: High
    Exploiting CVE-2025-31123 can result in unauthorized access to sensitive data, severely compromising data privacy.
  • Integrity: High
    CVE-2025-31123 could allow unauthorized modifications to data, potentially affecting system reliability and trust.
  • Availability: None
    CVE-2025-31123 does not impact system availability.

CVE-2025-31123 References

External References

CWE Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-324

Vulnerable Configurations

  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.62.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.62.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.62.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.62.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.62.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.62.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.62.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.62.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.62.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.62.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.62.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.62.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.62.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.62.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.62.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.62.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.62.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.62.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.62.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.62.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.63.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.63.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.63.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.63.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.63.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.63.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.63.0:rc3:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.63.0:rc3:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.63.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.63.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.63.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.63.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.63.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.63.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.63.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.63.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.63.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.63.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.63.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.63.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.63.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.63.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.64.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.64.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.64.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.64.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.64.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.64.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.64.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.64.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.64.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.64.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.64.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.64.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.64.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.64.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.65.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.65.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.65.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.65.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.65.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.65.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.65.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.65.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.65.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.65.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.65.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.65.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.65.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.65.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.65.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.65.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.66.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.66.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.66.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.66.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.66.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.66.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.66.0:rc3:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.66.0:rc3:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.66.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.66.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.66.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.66.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.66.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.66.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.67.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.67.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.67.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.67.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.67.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.67.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.67.0:rc3:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.67.0:rc3:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.67.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.67.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.67.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.67.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.67.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.67.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.67.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.67.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.67.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.67.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.67.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.67.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.67.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.67.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.67.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.67.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.67.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.67.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.67.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.67.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.67.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.67.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.67.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.67.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.68.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.68.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.68.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.68.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.68.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.68.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.68.0:rc3:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.68.0:rc3:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.68.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.68.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.68.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.68.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.68.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.68.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.68.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.68.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.68.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.68.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.68.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.68.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.68.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.68.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.68.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.68.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.69.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.69.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.69.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.69.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.69.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.69.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.69.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.69.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.69.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.69.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.69.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.69.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.69.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.69.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.69.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.69.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.69.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.69.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.69.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.69.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.70.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.70.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.70.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.70.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.70.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.70.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.70.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.70.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.70.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.70.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.70.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.70.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.70.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.70.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.70.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.70.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.70.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.70.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.70.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.70.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.71.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.71.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.71.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.71.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.71.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.71.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.71.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.71.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.71.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.71.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.71.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.71.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.71.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.71.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.71.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:2.71.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

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