CAPEC-7 Blind SQL Injection – Attack Pattern Analysis

CAPEC-7 Metadata

Likelihood of Attack

High

Typical Severity

High

Overview

Summary

Blind SQL Injection results from an insufficient mitigation for SQL Injection. Although suppressing database error messages are considered best practice, the suppression alone is not sufficient to prevent SQL Injection. Blind SQL Injection is a form of SQL Injection that overcomes the lack of error messages. Without the error messages that facilitate SQL Injection, the adversary constructs input strings that probe the target through simple Boolean SQL expressions. The adversary can determine if the syntax and structure of the injection was successful based on whether the query was executed or not. Applied iteratively, the adversary determines how and where the target is vulnerable to SQL Injection.

Prerequisites

SQL queries used by the application to store, retrieve or modify data. User-controllable input that is not properly validated by the application as part of SQL queries.

Execution Flow

Step	Phase	Description	Techniques
1	Explore	[Hypothesize SQL queries in application]Generated hypotheses regarding the SQL queries in an application. For example, the adversary may hypothesize that their input is passed directly into a query that looks like: "SELECT * FROM orders WHERE ordernum = _____"or"SELECT * FROM orders WHERE ordernum IN (_____)"or"SELECT * FROM orders WHERE ordernum in (_____) ORDER BY _____" Of course, there are many other possibilities.	Research types of SQL queries and determine which ones could be used at various places in an application.
2	Explore	[Determine how to inject information into the queries]Determine how to inject information into the queries from the previous step such that the injection does not impact their logic. For example, the following are possible injections for those queries: "5' OR 1=1; --"and"5) OR 1=1; --"and"ordernum DESC; --"	Add clauses to the SQL queries such that the query logic does not change. Add delays to the SQL queries in case server does not provide clear error messages (e.g. WAITFOR DELAY '0:0:10' in SQL Server or BENCHMARK(1000000000,MD5(1) in MySQL). If these can be injected into the queries, then the length of time that the server takes to respond reveals whether the query is injectable or not.
3	Experiment	[Determine user-controllable input susceptible to injection] Determine the user-controllable input susceptible to injection. For each user-controllable input that the adversary suspects is vulnerable to SQL injection, attempt to inject the values determined in the previous step. If an error does not occur, then the adversary knows that the SQL injection was successful.	Use web browser to inject input through text fields or through HTTP GET parameters. Use a web application debugging tool such as Tamper Data, TamperIE, WebScarab,etc. to modify HTTP POST parameters, hidden fields, non-freeform fields, etc. Use network-level packet injection tools such as netcat to inject input Use modified client (modified by reverse engineering) to inject input.
4	Experiment	[Determine database type] Determines the type of the database, such as MS SQL Server or Oracle or MySQL, using logical conditions as part of the injected queries	Try injecting a string containing char(0x31)=char(0x31) (this evaluates to 1=1 in SQL Server only) Try injecting a string containing 0x313D31 (this evaluates to 1=1 in MySQL only) Inject other database-specific commands into input fields susceptible to SQL Injection. The adversary can determine the type of database that is running by checking whether the query executed successfully or not (i.e. whether the adversary received a normal response from the server or not).
5	Exploit	[Extract information about database schema] Extract information about database schema by getting the database to answer yes/no questions about the schema.	Automatically extract database schema using a tool such as Absinthe. Manually perform the blind SQL Injection to extract desired information about the database schema.
6	Exploit	[Exploit SQL Injection vulnerability] Use the information obtained in the previous steps to successfully inject the database in order to bypass checks or modify, add, retrieve or delete data from the database	Use information about how to inject commands into SQL queries as well as information about the database schema to execute attacks such as dropping tables, inserting records, etc.

Potential Solutions / Mitigations

Security by Obscurity is not a solution to preventing SQL Injection. Rather than suppress error messages and exceptions, the application must handle them gracefully, returning either a custom error page or redirecting the user to a default page, without revealing any information about the database or the application internals. Strong input validation - All user-controllable input must be validated and filtered for illegal characters as well as SQL content. Keywords such as UNION, SELECT or INSERT must be filtered in addition to characters such as a single-quote(') or SQL-comments (--) based on the context in which they appear.

Related Weaknesses (CWE)

CWE ID	Description
CWE-20	Improper Input Validation
CWE-74	Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Output Used by a Downstream Component ('Injection')
CWE-89	Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ('SQL Injection')
CWE-209	Generation of Error Message Containing Sensitive Information
CWE-697	Incorrect Comparison
CWE-707	Improper Neutralization

Related CAPECs

CAPEC ID	Description
CAPEC-66	This attack exploits target software that constructs SQL statements based on user input. An attacker crafts input strings so that when the target software constructs SQL statements based on the input, the resulting SQL statement performs actions other than those the application intended. SQL Injection results from failure of the application to appropriately validate input.

Taxonomy Mappings

Taxonomy: OWASP Attacks

Entry ID	Entry Name
Link	Blind SQL Injection